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2024
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Diamond quantum sensor
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The principle underlying diamond quantum sensors relies on a unique quantum system known as the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center in diamond. An NV center is a composite defect formed when a carbon atom in the diamond lattice is replaced by a nitrogen atom, accompanied by a neighboring vacancy. This quantum system features a controllable and readable electron spin state; when an external magnetic field or other physical quantity varies, its energy levels shift, leading to a change in the diamond’s color. By measuring this color shift, one can precisely detect variations in the external physical quantity, thereby realizing the sensor’s functionality.
The operating principle of diamond quantum sensors relies on a unique quantum system known as the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center in diamond. An NV center is a composite defect formed when a carbon atom in the diamond lattice is replaced by a nitrogen atom, accompanied by a neighboring vacancy. This quantum system features a controllable and readable electron spin state; when an external magnetic field or other physical quantities vary, its energy levels shift, leading to changes in the diamond’s color. By measuring these color shifts, one can precisely detect variations in external physical parameters, thereby realizing the sensor’s functionality.
Because diamond quantum sensors operate on the principles of quantum systems, they offer advantages such as high sensitivity, high precision, and excellent stability. Ongoing refinements in their fabrication techniques enable highly sensitive measurements of physical quantities like magnetic fields and temperature fields. Today, diamond quantum sensors are widely employed in biomedicine, environmental monitoring, aerospace, and precision metrology, among other fields.
Biomedical field: Leveraging the unique properties of diamond quantum sensors, it is possible to achieve high‑precision detection and diagnosis of biomolecules, such as viruses and bacteria. Moreover, diamond quantum sensors can also be applied in drug discovery and in evaluating therapeutic outcomes.
In the field of geology, diamond‑based quantum sensors can detect variations in the Earth’s magnetic field and seismic activity, enabling early warning and monitoring of geological hazards. Moreover, these sensors hold significant value in mineral resource exploration and geological surveys.
In the field of environmental monitoring, diamond quantum sensors can detect harmful gases in the air and pollutants in water, enabling real-time environmental monitoring and early warning. Furthermore, in agriculture, these sensors can be used to monitor soil conditions and plant growth.
Aerospace: Leveraging the unique properties of diamond quantum sensors enables early fault detection and health monitoring for aircraft, satellites, and other systems. For instance, in aircraft engines, diamond quantum sensors can measure internal temperature, pressure, and gas composition, thereby providing real-time condition monitoring and early warning of potential malfunctions.
In the field of precision measurement, diamond quantum sensors can be used to measure minute physical quantities—such as tiny displacements, temperature, and pressure—enabling high‑accuracy measurements and calibrations. For example, in optics, diamond quantum sensors can measure parameters like light wavelength and intensity, thereby facilitating high‑precision optical measurements and calibrations.
At present, diamond quantum sensors are still undergoing continuous development and refinement. In the future, as technology advances and costs decline, their performance will be further enhanced. Moreover, by integrating with other technologies—such as nanotechnology, photonics, and artificial intelligence—the application scope of diamond quantum sensors will expand even further, enabling them to play an increasingly vital role in everyday life, industry, and scientific research.
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