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Micron, nano, and ultra-nano diamond
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By controlling the growth conditions, diamond with different grain sizes can be synthesized. Diamonds are classified according to their grain size into microcrystalline diamond (MCD), nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD). The properties of diamond are directly related to its grain size, and diamonds with distinct grain sizes exhibit distinct characteristics.
By controlling the growth conditions, diamond with varying grain sizes can be synthesized. Diamonds are classified according to their grain size into microcrystalline diamond (MCD), nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD). The properties of diamond are directly related to its grain size; diamonds of different grain sizes exhibit distinct characteristics, and different application areas impose varying requirements on diamond.
Micron-sized diamond generally refers to diamond with grain sizes greater than 100 nm. Due to its relatively large grains and fewer grain boundaries, micron‑diamond exhibits high thermal conductivity and excellent optical transparency, making it an ideal material for heat sinks and optical windows.
Nanodiamonds typically have grain sizes below 100 nm. In addition to the excellent properties inherent to diamond, they exhibit unique nanoscale characteristics arising from surface effects and size‑dependent phenomena, such as enhanced biocompatibility, superior optical transmittance, fluorescent color centers, field emission capabilities, electrochemical properties, and improved mechanical performance. These remarkable attributes have made nanodiamonds a highly sought‑after material for applications in optical windows, biomedical devices, quantum communication, and other fields, where they hold significant potential for further development.
Ultra‑nanodiamond refers to nanodiamonds with grain sizes below 10 nm, distinguishing them from other nano‑diamonds whose particles exceed 10 nm in diameter. Due to its smaller grain size, ultra‑nanodiamond exhibits a grain boundary fraction exceeding 20%, and it contains higher proportions of amorphous carbon and graphitic phases compared with both nanodiamonds and micron‑diamonds, thereby displaying distinct functional properties. In terms of mechanical performance, ultra‑nanodiamond demonstrates hardness comparable to that of micron‑diamonds and excellent wear resistance; moreover, it exhibits superior toughness relative to conventional nano‑diamonds, with higher fracture strength. Its grains are small and uniformly sized, resulting in high density and markedly smoother surfaces than those of micron‑ and nano‑diamonds. Acoustically and optically, ultra‑nanodiamond also outperforms micron‑ and nano‑diamonds, with faster longitudinal sound‑wave propagation and greater infrared transmittance. Thermally and electrically, its thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity can vary over several orders of magnitude, while its field‑emission threshold is relatively low. Additionally, ultra‑nanodiamond is characterized by low viscosity, excellent chemical inertness, and good biocompatibility. These unique properties position ultra‑nanodiamond as having superior application prospects—particularly in mechanical, microelectronic, and optical fields—compared with MCD and NCD, effectively addressing the limitations encountered in their respective applications.
Cultured diamond
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