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2021
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Plasma Generator and Discharge Principle
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A plasma generator is a device that produces plasma through artificial means. Plasma that occurs naturally is referred to as natural plasma (such as the aurora and lightning), while plasma generated artificially is called laboratory plasma.
A plasma generator is a device that produces plasma through artificial means. Plasma that arises naturally is referred to as natural plasma (such as the aurora borealis and lightning), whereas plasma generated artificially is called laboratory plasma. Laboratory plasma is produced within a confined volume using a plasma generator.
The discharge principle of a plasma generator: When an external electric field or a high-frequency inductive electric field is applied to induce electrical conductivity in a gas, this process is referred to as gas discharge. Gas discharge is one of the key methods for generating plasma. Electrons in the partially ionized gas, accelerated by the external electric field, collide with neutral molecules and transfer the energy they have gained from the field to the gas. Elastic collisions between electrons and neutral molecules increase the molecular kinetic energy, manifesting as a rise in temperature; in contrast, inelastic collisions can lead to excitation (where electrons in molecules or atoms transition from lower to higher energy levels), dissociation (the breakdown of molecules into atoms), or ionization (the transition of outer-shell electrons in molecules or atoms from bound states to free states). High‑temperature gases transfer energy to their surroundings via conduction, convection, and radiation; under steady‑state conditions, the energy input and energy losses within a given volume are balanced. The rate of energy transfer between electrons and heavy particles (ions, molecules, and atoms) is directly proportional to the collision frequency—the number of collisions per unit time. In dense gases, collisions occur frequently, and the average kinetic energies of the two particle types—i.e., their temperatures—quickly equilibrate, resulting in electron and gas temperatures that are roughly equal. This is the typical situation when the gas pressure exceeds one atmosphere and is generally referred to as a thermal plasma or an equilibrium plasma. At low pressures, collisions are infrequent, and the energy acquired by electrons from the electric field is not readily transferred to heavy particles; consequently, the electron temperature exceeds the gas temperature, a condition commonly known as a cold plasma or a non‑equilibrium plasma. Each type of plasma has its own characteristics and applications (see industrial applications of plasmas). Gas discharges are classified into DC discharges and AC discharges.
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